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According to Prof. Chan Lee, Paldochong-do,
which was the oldest printed and complete map of Korea and appended
on ¡°Sinjeong Donggukyeojiseungnam¡±, was the first Korean map with East
Sea.
The first manual of ¡°Donggukyeojiseungnam¡±, which was drawn by Seo Geo-jeong
and other scholars after 12 years of King Seong-Jong`¡¯s reign at 1481,
contains the first Korean map with East Sea. ¡°Sinjeong Donggukyeoji-
seungnam¡±, which was published at the 25th year of king Jeong-Jong¡¯s
reign, has been handed down partly. However, it has mostly been revived
since Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592.
¡°Paldochong-do¡±, mainly showing the names of mountains, rivers, and
seas, has names, the East, South, and West Sea. However, East Sea was
put down in the sacrificial place, not the sea. Gangwon-do where the
sacrificial rite was performed for God of East Sea was indicated as
East Sea. Also, the South Sea was for Jeolla-do and the West Sea for
Hwanghae-do.
It is assumed that the name of the sea has been written down in the
sea since the Western map was introduced and translated into Chinese
characters. ¡°Jibongyuseol¡± shows the fact that ¡°Gonyeomanguk- Jeondo¡±,
a book printed from wood blocks by Matteo Ricci at Peking in 1602, was
introduced to Korea by Lee Gwang-hui and Kwon Hoe in the next year,
the 36th year of King Seon -Jo¡¯s reign, 1603. It is presumed that it
was Matteo Ricci¡¯s ¡°Gonyeomangguk-Jeondo¡± even though it was called
Kurapay-Jido in ¡°Jibongyuseol¡±. The map brought by Lee Gwang-hui and
Kwon Hoe does not exist any more. However, ¡°Hoeib Gonyeomanguk-Jeondo¡±
by Kim Jin-yo in the 34th year of King Suk- Jong¡¯s reign, 1708, which
recorded Sea of Japan for East Sea, ¡°Taemoung Sea¡± for Sea of China,
and the East Ocean for the Pacific.
¡°Manguk-Jeondo¡± was in ¡°Jikbangoegi¡±(1623) written by Giulio Aleni(1592-1649).
Although it is unknown when it was introduced to Korea, ¡°Manguk-Jeondo¡±,
which was copied in the 1770s, has been called ¡°Cheonhado-Jido¡±, collected
at Gyujanggak in Seoul National University. It is the copy of the world
map of Giulio Aleni though it shows differences in the name of the map
and the geographical designation. The original map of Giulio Aleni does
not show anything about Korean east sea and west sea. However, the map
collected at Gyu-janggak contains East Sea named Little East Sea and
the West Sea named Little West Sea. The procedure of copying the map
often includes the correction or supplementation of the original.
Therefore, East Sea and the West Sea seemed to be supplemented in the
copy of Giulio Aleni since the original did not have. Little East Sea
for East Sea is understood in the sense that East Sea is relatively
small. Also, it follows the certain rule of geographical designation
such as Little Orient and Great Orient.
¡°Seobukgye-do¡±(mid-18th century) is the example of the map with the
careful indication of seas around Korean peninsula.
It is 135 centimeter in width and 140 centimeter in length, collected
at Gyujanggak of Seoul National University. As the name of the map infers,
it is the map emphasizing on the boundaries including Peking, north
China province with Shandong peninsula, and ManJoo province which are
in the north west of Korean peninsula. It also shows the details of
the northern area of Korean peninsula. There is no record when this
amp was made at all. Yet it is presumed that the map was created before
1776 due to a stone monument built at mountain, Mount Baekdu in the
38th year of King Suk-Jong¡¯s reign, 1712, which implies that the map
was drawn after 1712, and Lee San, which was changed to Cho San in the
year of King Jeong-Jo¡¯s accession, 1776. The map named East Sea and
Hwanghae.
¡°Agukcheon-do¡± is assumed to be created twenty years after Seobukgye-do(mid-18th
century). The conjecture that it was drawn in between 1787 and 1799
is supported by Jang Jin, newly located after 11 years of king Jeong-Jo¡¯s
reign in 1787 and Lee Seong renamed Lee Won in 1800. This map put down
the East, West and South Sea in the right places. The map of Chosun,
Japan and Yuguguk in Yojido-chup such as ¡°Agukcheon-do¡± also has the
same geographical designation about the seas around Korean peninsula.
Map of Daehan Jeguk(1908) edited by Hyeon Gong-yeom, introduced the
new indication instead of East Sea. That is Korea Sea for East Sea and
Hwanghae for West Sea. On the other hand, ¡°Hanil chongdo¡±, inserted
at the left of Map of Daehan Jeguk named the west of East Sea, which
was mentioned earlier, and the west of Japanese Islands Sea of Japan.Hyeon
Gongyeom was the publisher as well as the editor of this map.
Hyeon Gong-yeom has been considered to edit and publish Map of ¡°Daehan
Jeguk¡± after he returned from studying in Japan. He must have used the
informations he got in Japan for Map of Daehan Jeguk and have gained
a similar map while he was studying. Especially, the description of
Yodong peninsula proves the source of the map was Japanese.
Hyeon Gong-yeom published ¡°Sinjeongbundo Daehan Jeguk-Jido¡± for geography
teachers and students. This is a ten page geography book containing
the map of Asia and Korea. He also published ¡°New Chosun Paldo¡± in 1911,
which was the colony period, under the permission of the government-general.
It shows new designations such as Sea of Japan for Sea of Korea and
Strait of Chosun for Strait of Korea. Simply, it is the evidence of
a change from Sea of Korea to Sea of Japan. Therefore, Sea of Japan
has been used generally since Japanese power had extended in the Far
East. This is shown in China-Japan war, Russia-Japan war, and the annexation
of Korea and Japan.
There are geographic textbooks with Sea of Chosun or Sea of Korea in
¡°Daehan Jeguk¡±; Sinpyeon Daehan-Jiri(1907), DaehanJiri-ji(1907) and
ChoesinChodeung- Daehan-Jiji(1909). Japanese maps in the later 18th
century and the 19th century were also noticed with Sea of Chosun; Asia
Atlas(1794) by ¡°Kasrawaga¡±, ¡°Japan-buynhaeyakdo¡±(1809), ¡°Sinjeong Manguk-Jeondo(1810)
by Takahashi, who was the leader under the ¡°Mak-bu¡±, ¡°Great Japan bay
map(1854)¡±. According to the above, it is assumed that Sea of Chosun
was extensively used in both Korean and Japanese maps before the invasion
of the continent by Japan.
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